🌐 What are Internet Services?
Internet services are facilities and services available through the Internet. They help people communicate, share information, learn, work and access online resources.
Learn how the Internet provides useful services for communication, information, learning and entertainment.
Internet services are facilities and services available through the Internet. They help people communicate, share information, learn, work and access online resources.
The World Wide Web, or WWW, is a collection of websites and web pages that can be accessed using the Internet.
A web browser is used to open and view websites.
E-mail means electronic mail. It allows us to send and receive messages using the Internet.
A search engine helps us find information on the Internet by entering keywords or questions.
Search engines can help us find websites, images, videos, news and other useful information.
The Internet allows people to communicate in different ways.
The Internet provides access to educational resources such as online classes, videos, digital books, quizzes and learning platforms.
Cloud services allow users to store and access files and information through the Internet.
This makes it possible to access important files from different devices when Internet access is available.
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Internet | A worldwide network that connects computers and devices. |
| WWW | A collection of websites and web pages available on the Internet. |
| Website | A collection of related web pages. |
| Web Browser | A program used to access and view websites. |
| A method of sending electronic messages through the Internet. | |
| Search Engine | A tool used to search for information on the Internet. |
| Cloud Storage | Storage of files on Internet-based servers. |
The Internet provides many useful services. We can use it to browse websites, send e-mails, search for information, communicate with others, learn online, store files and access many digital services. We should always use the Internet responsibly and safely.
Learn how to work with worksheets, enter and edit data, use formulas and functions, and present information effectively using Microsoft Excel.
Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet application used to store, organise, calculate and analyse data.
Excel is useful for preparing marksheets, budgets, attendance records, lists and many other types of data.
A worksheet is made up of rows and columns.
Columns are identified by letters such as A, B and C, while rows are identified by numbers such as 1, 2 and 3.
Every cell in a worksheet has a unique address.
A cell address is formed using the column letter followed by the row number.
Different types of information can be entered into an Excel worksheet.
A formula is an expression used to perform calculations in Excel.
Every formula begins with an equal sign (=).
Examples:
| Operator | Operation | Example |
|---|---|---|
| + | Addition | =A1+B1 |
| - | Subtraction | =A1-B1 |
| * | Multiplication | =A1*B1 |
| / | Division | =A1/B1 |
A function is a predefined formula that performs a specific calculation.
Functions make calculations easier and faster.
| Function | Purpose | Example |
|---|---|---|
| SUM | Adds values | =SUM(A1:A5) |
| AVERAGE | Calculates the average | =AVERAGE(A1:A5) |
| MAX | Finds the largest value | =MAX(A1:A5) |
| MIN | Finds the smallest value | =MIN(A1:A5) |
| COUNT | Counts numerical values | =COUNT(A1:A5) |
The AutoFill feature helps us copy data, formulas or patterns quickly into neighbouring cells.
For example, AutoFill can be used to create a series such as:
Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday...
It can also copy a formula to multiple cells automatically.
Data entered into a cell can be changed or corrected.
Formatting makes a worksheet easier to read and more attractive.
Sorting means arranging data in a particular order.
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Spreadsheet | A program used to organise and calculate data. |
| Workbook | An Excel file containing one or more worksheets. |
| Worksheet | A spreadsheet page in a workbook. |
| Cell | The intersection of a row and a column. |
| Cell Address | The unique location of a cell. |
| Formula | An expression used to perform calculations. |
| Function | A predefined formula used for calculations. |
| AutoFill | A feature used to copy data, formulas or patterns. |
| Sorting | Arranging data in a particular order. |
Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet application used to organise, calculate and analyse data. An Excel workbook contains worksheets, and each worksheet consists of rows, columns and cells.
Formulas and functions help us perform calculations quickly. Features such as AutoFill, formatting and sorting help us work efficiently and present data clearly.
Learn how to perform calculations in Microsoft Excel using formulas, cell references and built-in functions.
A formula is an expression used to perform calculations in a worksheet.
A formula can contain numbers, cell references, operators and functions.
Example:
=A1+B1
Every formula in Microsoft Excel begins with an equal sign (=).
=10+20=A1+B1=C2*5=D5/2A cell reference is the address of a cell used in a formula.
For example, A1 refers to the cell located in
Column A and Row 1.
Example:
=A1+B1
This formula adds the values stored in cells A1 and B1.
| Operator | Operation | Example |
|---|---|---|
| + | Addition | =A1+B1 |
| - | Subtraction | =A1-B1 |
| * | Multiplication | =A1*B1 |
| / | Division | =A1/B1 |
Suppose a student's marks are stored in the following cells:
To calculate the total marks, we can write:
=B2+C2+D2
The Formula Bar is used to view, enter and edit the contents of the active cell.
When a cell containing a formula is selected, the formula can be viewed in the Formula Bar.
A function is a predefined formula available in Excel to perform a specific calculation.
Functions save time because we do not need to write long formulas repeatedly.
Example:
=SUM(A1:A5)
| Formula | Function |
|---|---|
| A calculation created by the user. | A predefined formula available in Excel. |
=A1+A2+A3 |
=SUM(A1:A3) |
| May be longer to write. | Usually makes calculations quicker and easier. |
| Function | Purpose | Example |
|---|---|---|
| SUM | Adds numbers. | =SUM(A1:A5) |
| AVERAGE | Calculates the average value. | =AVERAGE(A1:A5) |
| MAX | Finds the largest value. | =MAX(A1:A5) |
| MIN | Finds the smallest value. | =MIN(A1:A5) |
| COUNT | Counts numerical values. | =COUNT(A1:A5) |
The SUM function is used to add numbers.
Syntax:
=SUM(number1, number2, ...)
Example:
=SUM(A1:A5)
This adds all the numerical values from cell A1 to cell A5.
The AVERAGE function calculates the average of a group of numbers.
Example:
=AVERAGE(B2:B6)
Examples:
=MAX(A1:A10)
=MIN(A1:A10)
The COUNT function counts the cells containing numerical values in a selected range.
Example:
=COUNT(A1:A10)
A cell range is a group of selected cells.
A range is usually represented using the first and last cell addresses separated by a colon (:).
Examples:
A1:A10 — Cells A1 to A10B2:B8 — Cells B2 to B8A1:C5 — A rectangular range of cells=).=).Example:
=SUM(A1:A5)
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Formula | An expression used to perform calculations in Excel. |
| Function | A predefined formula that performs a specific calculation. |
| Cell Reference | The address of a cell used in a formula. |
| Cell Range | A group of cells selected for a calculation. |
| Operator | A symbol used to perform a mathematical operation. |
| Argument | The value or cell reference supplied to a function. |
| Formula Bar | The area used to view, enter and edit cell contents. |
Formulas are used in Microsoft Excel to perform calculations and
always begin with an equal sign (=). A formula can use
numbers, operators and cell references.
Functions are predefined formulas that make calculations faster and easier. Some commonly used functions are SUM, AVERAGE, MAX, MIN and COUNT.
Learn how to use Canva to create attractive posters, presentations, social media graphics, invitations and other visual designs.
Canva is an online graphic design platform that helps users create visual designs easily.
It provides tools, templates, text, images, shapes and other design elements that can be used to create attractive content.
The Canva workspace contains different areas that help us create and edit designs.
A template is a ready-made design that can be customised according to our needs.
Templates help us create professional-looking designs quickly.
We can change the text, images, colours and other elements of a template.
Text is used to add titles, headings and information to a design.
Text can be customised by changing:
Images make a design more attractive and meaningful.
Images can be added from available resources or uploaded from a device.
An image can be resized, moved, cropped or positioned in different parts of the design.
Elements are objects that can be added to a design to make it more attractive.
A background provides the base of a design.
We can use colours, images or other visual elements as a background.
Colours should be selected carefully so that the text remains easy to read.
Objects in a design can be resized and moved.
A design may contain several objects placed on top of one another.
The arrangement of these objects is called their layering.
Objects can be moved forward or backward to change which object appears on top.
A Canva design can contain one or more pages.
Multiple pages are useful for creating presentations, booklets, stories and multi-page documents.
| Tool / Feature | Purpose |
|---|---|
| Template | Provides a ready-made design layout. |
| Text | Adds written information to a design. |
| Elements | Adds shapes, graphics and other visual objects. |
| Upload | Adds files or images from a device. |
| Background | Changes the base appearance of a page. |
| Resize | Changes the size of an object or design. |
| Position | Changes the location or arrangement of an object. |
| Pages | Adds multiple pages to a design. |
After completing a design, it can be downloaded in different formats depending on the purpose of the design.
A design may also be shared with other people for viewing, collaboration or feedback.
Always check sharing permissions before sharing a design.
Collaboration means working together with other people on a design.
Students working in a group can contribute ideas, text and visual elements to create a common project.
Good collaboration requires teamwork, communication and respect for the work of others.
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Graphic Design | The creation of visual content to communicate ideas. |
| Template | A ready-made design that can be customised. |
| Element | A visual object added to a design. |
| Upload | Adding a file from a device to an online platform. |
| Background | The base area behind the content of a design. |
| Layer | The level at which an object is placed in a design. |
| Resize | To change the size of an object. |
| Collaboration | Working together with others on a project. |
Create a poster on any one of the following topics:
Your poster should include a suitable title, text, images or graphics and an attractive layout.
Canva is a graphic design platform that can be used to create posters, presentations, invitations, certificates and other visual designs.
Templates, text, images, elements, backgrounds and pages can be combined to create attractive designs. Good designs are clear, well-organised, readable and visually balanced.
We should use digital content responsibly and respect the work and privacy of others.
Learn the basics of GIMP and discover how digital images can be created, edited and improved using image-editing tools.
GIMP stands for GNU Image Manipulation Program.
It is a software application used for creating, editing and improving digital images.
GIMP can be used to draw pictures, edit photographs, add text, change colours and create attractive graphics.
The GIMP window contains different areas and tools that help us create and edit images.
The Toolbox contains different tools used for creating and editing an image.
Different tools perform different tasks, such as selecting, drawing, painting, erasing and adding text.
Selection tools are used to select a particular part of an image before making changes.
A selection allows us to edit only the selected part of an image.
Paint tools are used to create drawings and apply colours.
The Text Tool is used to add text to an image.
Text can be customised by changing:
The Move Tool is used to move objects, layers or selections from one position to another.
It helps us arrange different parts of an image properly.
The Crop Tool is used to remove unwanted parts from the edges of an image.
Cropping helps us focus on the important part of a photograph or picture.
Colours play an important role in making an image attractive.
GIMP allows us to choose and use different colours for drawing, painting, filling and editing images.
A layer is like a transparent sheet containing a part of an image.
An image can have multiple layers placed one above another.
Layers make it easier to edit one part of an image without affecting other parts.
The size of an image refers to its dimensions, usually measured by its width and height.
Images can be resized to make them larger or smaller according to the requirement.
| Tool | Purpose |
|---|---|
| Rectangle Select | Selects a rectangular area. |
| Ellipse Select | Selects a circular or oval area. |
| Paintbrush | Paints freehand strokes. |
| Pencil | Draws hard-edged lines. |
| Bucket Fill | Fills an area with colour. |
| Eraser | Removes parts of an image. |
| Text | Adds text to an image. |
| Move | Moves an object or layer. |
| Crop | Removes unwanted parts of an image. |
Saving allows us to keep our work for future use.
A GIMP project can be saved so that its editable information, such as layers, can be preserved.
Exporting means saving the completed image in a format that can be used in other applications or shared with others.
Common image formats include:
GIMP can be used to improve an image in many ways.
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| GIMP | GNU Image Manipulation Program used for image editing. |
| Canvas | The main area where an image is created or edited. |
| Toolbox | A collection of tools used for image editing. |
| Selection | A chosen part of an image that can be edited. |
| Layer | A separate level containing part of an image. |
| Crop | To remove unwanted parts from an image. |
| Resize | To change the dimensions of an image. |
| Export | To save an image in a format for sharing or other uses. |
Use GIMP to create a digital poster on any one of the following topics:
Your poster should include:
GIMP is an image-editing software used to create and edit digital images. It provides tools for selecting, painting, erasing, adding text, cropping and editing images.
Layers help us organise different parts of an image and make editing easier. After completing a project, an image can be saved and exported in suitable image formats.
Learn how to create a positive online presence, build a simple digital profile and use the Internet safely and responsibly.
Presenting yourself online means sharing information about yourself through digital platforms such as websites, educational platforms and online profiles.
The information we share online helps others form an impression about us. Therefore, we should create a positive, truthful and responsible online presence.
An online presence is the information and content about a person that appears on the Internet.
It may include:
A digital identity is the identity that a person creates or represents in the digital world.
It can include a person's name, profile picture, interests, skills and other information shared online.
A good digital identity should be accurate, appropriate and safe.
An online profile should show the positive and useful aspects of a person.
Personal information is information that belongs to or identifies a person.
Examples include:
Some personal information should never be shared publicly without the knowledge and guidance of a parent, guardian or teacher.
With appropriate guidance and privacy settings, students may share suitable information such as:
Always think carefully and ask a trusted adult before sharing information publicly.
A digital footprint is the trail of information and activity that is created when we use digital devices and the Internet.
Our digital footprint may be created when we:
Some online activity may remain available for a long time, so we should think before we post.
Before sharing something online, ask yourself:
Good communication is important both offline and online.
When communicating online:
A username is a name used to identify a user on a website or digital platform.
A good username should be appropriate and should not reveal unnecessary private information.
Avoid including sensitive details such as passwords, home addresses or other information that should remain private.
A password helps protect an online account.
A strong password should be difficult for others to guess.
An online portfolio is a collection of a person's work, skills, projects and achievements presented digitally.
A student portfolio may include:
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Online Presence | The information and content about a person available online. |
| Digital Identity | The identity a person represents in the digital world. |
| Digital Footprint | The trail of information created through online activities. |
| Username | A name used to identify a user on a digital platform. |
| Password | A secret code used to protect an account. |
| Online Profile | A collection of information about a person on a platform. |
| Online Portfolio | A digital collection of a person's work and achievements. |
| Privacy | The ability to control access to personal information. |
A digital citizen is a person who uses technology and the Internet responsibly, safely and respectfully.
Create a simple student portfolio containing the following sections:
Do not include private or sensitive information in a public portfolio.
| Positive Behaviour | Negative Behaviour |
|---|---|
| Using polite language | Using rude or insulting language |
| Respecting privacy | Sharing someone's information without permission |
| Sharing useful content | Spreading harmful or false content |
| Giving credit to creators | Claiming someone else's work as your own |
| Reporting suspicious activity | Ignoring unsafe or harmful activity |
Presenting yourself online means creating and managing your presence in the digital world. An online profile or portfolio can be used to share skills, projects, interests and achievements.
Our online activities create a digital footprint. Therefore, we should think carefully before posting or sharing information.
A responsible digital citizen protects personal information, respects others and uses technology safely and positively.
Learn the basics of Python programming and discover how computers follow instructions to solve problems and perform useful tasks.
Python is a popular programming language used to give instructions to computers.
Python is known for its simple and easy-to-read syntax, which makes it a good programming language for beginners.
Python programs can be used to perform calculations, work with data, create games, automate tasks and solve problems.
Programming is the process of writing instructions that tell a computer what to do.
A computer follows the instructions written in a programming language to perform a task.
A set of instructions written for a computer is called a program.
Python is used in many different fields.
Syntax means the rules used to write instructions in a programming language.
Python instructions must be written according to Python's syntax rules.
A small mistake in syntax may cause an error.
The print() function is used to display information on the screen.
Example:
print("Hello, World!")Output:
Hello, World!The print() function tells Python to display something on the screen.
Examples:
print("Welcome to Python")
print("Grade VI")
print(25)Python can work with different types of data.
Examples:
print("Anant")
print(25)A string is a sequence of characters such as letters, words or sentences.
Strings are generally written inside quotation marks.
Examples:
"Hello"
"Python Programming"
"Grade VI"A variable is a name used to store a value in a program.
We can think of a variable as a labelled container that stores information.
Example:
name = "Riya"
age = 11
print(name)
print(age)The = symbol is called the assignment operator in Python.
It is used to assign a value to a variable.
Example:
marks = 95Here, the value 95 is assigned to the variable marks.
A comment is a note written in a program to explain the code.
Python ignores comments while running the program.
A single-line comment begins with the # symbol.
# This program displays a message
print("Hello!")An error is a mistake in a program that prevents it from working correctly.
Common mistakes include:
Finding and correcting errors in a program is called debugging.
| Element | Purpose | Example |
|---|---|---|
| print() | Displays output on the screen. | print("Hello") |
| String | Stores text. | "Python" |
| Number | Stores numerical data. | 25 |
| Variable | Stores a value using a name. | age = 11 |
| = | Assigns a value to a variable. | marks = 95 |
| # | Starts a comment. | # My program |
Python can perform mathematical calculations using arithmetic operators.
| Operator | Operation | Example |
|---|---|---|
| + | Addition | 5 + 3 |
| - | Subtraction | 10 - 4 |
| * | Multiplication | 5 * 4 |
| / | Division | 10 / 2 |
Example Program:
a = 10
b = 5
print(a + b)The input() function can be used to accept information entered by the user.
Example:
name = input("Enter your name: ")
print(name)The program displays a message, accepts the user's input and stores it in the variable name.
1. Display your name
print("My name is Riya")2. Store and display your age
age = 11
print(age)3. Add two numbers
a = 12
b = 8
print(a + b)4. Display a message using a variable
message = "Welcome to Python!"
print(message)| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Python | A programming language used to write computer programs. |
| Program | A set of instructions given to a computer. |
| Programming | The process of writing instructions for a computer. |
| Syntax | The rules used to write instructions in a programming language. |
| Variable | A named location used to store a value. |
| String | A sequence of characters or text. |
| Function | A reusable command that performs a specific task. |
| Comment | A note in a program that is ignored during execution. |
| Error | A mistake that causes a program to behave incorrectly. |
| Debugging | The process of finding and correcting errors in a program. |
Write and run Python programs to perform the following tasks:
Python is a popular programming language used to write instructions for computers. A set of instructions written in Python is called a program.
The print() function is used to display output.
Variables are used to store values, and Python can work with text
and numbers.
Python programs must follow proper syntax. Errors should be found and corrected through the process of debugging.
= symbol do in a variable assignment?Learn how data is collected, organised, analysed and presented to discover useful information and make better decisions.
Data is a collection of facts, figures, observations or information that can be used for a purpose.
Data can include numbers, words, dates, measurements, pictures and many other types of information.
Examples of data:
Data Science is the study of data to find useful information, patterns and answers to questions.
A person working with data may collect it, organise it, study it and present the results in an easy-to-understand form.
Data Science combines ideas from computers, mathematics and problem-solving.
Data consists of raw facts and figures.
When data is processed and understood, it becomes useful information.
Example:
Marks scored by students are data. Finding the average mark of the class gives useful information.
Data can be of different types.
Data collection is the process of gathering information for a particular purpose.
Data can be collected through:
Suppose we want to find the favourite fruit of students in a class.
We can ask every student to choose a fruit and record the answers in a table.
| Fruit | Number of Students |
|---|---|
| Apple | 8 |
| Mango | 12 |
| Banana | 6 |
| Orange | 4 |
Collected data may be difficult to understand if it is not organised properly.
Data can be organised using:
A table organises data into rows and columns.
Tables make it easier to read, compare and understand information.
Example:
| Student | Books Read |
|---|---|
| Aarav | 5 |
| Diya | 7 |
| Rohan | 4 |
Data analysis means studying data to discover useful information and answer questions.
While analysing data, we may ask:
A pattern is something that repeats or follows a particular order.
Data analysis can help us discover patterns.
Example:
If the highest attendance is recorded on Monday and Tuesday for several weeks, we may observe a pattern in the attendance data.
Data visualisation means presenting data using pictures, charts or graphs.
Visual representations make large amounts of data easier to understand.
Common methods of data visualisation include:
A bar graph uses rectangular bars to compare different values.
The length or height of a bar represents the value of the data.
Bar graphs are useful for comparing categories such as favourite subjects, marks or the number of students.
A pie chart represents data as parts of a circle.
Each section represents a part of the total data.
Pie charts are useful for showing how a whole is divided into different parts.
A line graph shows changes in data over a period of time.
It is useful for studying changes such as temperature, attendance or sales over several days or months.
A simple data science process can be understood in the following steps:
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Data | A collection of facts, figures or observations. |
| Information | Useful knowledge obtained after processing data. |
| Data Science | The study of data to discover useful information. |
| Data Collection | The process of gathering data. |
| Data Analysis | The process of studying data to find useful information. |
| Data Visualisation | Presenting data using charts, graphs or pictures. |
| Pattern | A repeated arrangement or trend found in data. |
| Survey | A method of collecting information by asking questions. |
Computers can store and process large amounts of data quickly.
Many digital technologies collect and use data to perform useful tasks.
Examples include:
Data is used in many activities that we see every day.
| Area | Example of Data Use |
|---|---|
| School | Attendance and marks analysis |
| Weather | Temperature and rainfall records |
| Sports | Player and team performance statistics |
| Health | Recording measurements and observations |
| Transport | Traffic and route information |
Data should be collected, stored and used responsibly.
Conduct a simple survey in your class.
Choose one question, such as:
Follow these steps:
Data is a collection of facts, figures and observations. Data Science helps us collect, organise, analyse and present data to discover useful information.
Data can be organised using tables and spreadsheets and presented using charts and graphs. Studying data can help us find patterns, compare values and answer questions.
Data is used in many areas of everyday life. We must always use data responsibly and respect the privacy of others.
Learn what robots and sensors are, how sensors help robots understand their surroundings, and how robots use information to perform useful tasks.
A robot is a machine that can perform tasks by following instructions or a program.
Some robots can sense what is happening around them and respond to changes in their environment.
Robots may be simple or highly advanced depending on their design and purpose.
Robots are used in many different places.
A sensor is an electronic component that detects or measures something in the environment.
A sensor collects information and sends it to a controller or computer so that a system can respond.
Sensors help robots become aware of what is happening around them.
Human beings use sense organs to understand their surroundings. Robots use sensors for a similar purpose.
| Human Sense | Robot Sensor |
|---|---|
| Eyes | Light sensor / Camera |
| Ears | Sound sensor / Microphone |
| Skin | Touch sensor |
| Sense of smell | Gas sensor |
| Sense of temperature | Temperature sensor |
Without sensors, a robot may not know what is happening around it.
Sensors can help a robot:
A light sensor detects the amount of light in its surroundings.
A robot or electronic system can use this information to respond to light and darkness.
Example: An automatic street light can switch on when it becomes dark.
A sound sensor detects sound.
It can be used to create systems that respond to sounds such as clapping or speaking.
Example: A project that switches on an LED when a loud sound is detected.
A touch sensor detects physical contact or pressure.
It can be used as a switch or as an input device in a robotic system.
Example: A robot can stop when it touches an obstacle.
An ultrasonic sensor is commonly used to measure the distance between the sensor and an object.
It sends ultrasonic waves and uses the returning signal to estimate distance.
Example: An obstacle-avoiding robot can use an ultrasonic sensor to detect objects in front of it.
A temperature sensor measures the temperature of its surroundings or an object.
It can be used in systems that need to monitor heat or temperature changes.
Example: A system can activate a fan when the temperature becomes high.
A motion sensor detects movement in an area.
Motion sensors are often used in automatic systems.
Example: A security light can switch on when movement is detected.
A sensor collects information from the environment and sends it to the robot's controller.
Therefore, sensors are generally used as input devices.
The controller uses the information received from the sensor to decide what action should be taken.
An actuator is a component that performs an action based on instructions from the controller.
Common outputs in a robot include:
Sensors provide input, while actuators help the robot produce an output or action.
A simple robot can work through the following process:
This process can be remembered as:
Sense → Process → Decide → Act
| Stage | Component | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Input | Sensor | Ultrasonic sensor detects an object |
| Process | Controller | Program checks the distance |
| Output | Actuator | Motor changes the direction of the robot |
A controller is an electronic device that controls the working of a robot.
It receives information from sensors, follows the programmed instructions and controls the output devices.
In many student robotics projects, a microcontroller board is used as the controller.
| Sensor | Detects / Measures | Example Use |
|---|---|---|
| Light Sensor | Light level | Automatic street light |
| Sound Sensor | Sound | Sound-controlled project |
| Touch Sensor | Touch or pressure | Robot bumper |
| Ultrasonic Sensor | Distance | Obstacle detector |
| Temperature Sensor | Temperature | Temperature monitoring system |
| Motion Sensor | Movement | Automatic security light |
Sensors are used in many devices that we use every day.
Sensors can be used to build many interesting projects.
| Project | Input | Output |
|---|---|---|
| Smart Street Light | Light sensor | LED |
| Obstacle Detector | Ultrasonic sensor | Buzzer / LED |
| Automatic Security Light | Motion sensor | Light |
| Temperature Alert | Temperature sensor | Buzzer / Display |
| Touch-Controlled System | Touch sensor | LED / Motor |
Robots and sensors should be used safely and responsibly.
Imagine that you have to design a robot for your school.
Choose one purpose:
Complete the following design plan:
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Robot | A machine that performs tasks according to instructions or a program. |
| Sensor | A device that detects or measures something in the environment. |
| Controller | The component that processes information and controls the robot. |
| Actuator | A component that performs an action. |
| Input | Information received by a system. |
| Output | The action or result produced by a system. |
| Ultrasonic Sensor | A sensor commonly used to measure distance. |
| Motion Sensor | A sensor that detects movement. |
Robots are machines that perform tasks according to instructions or programs. Sensors help robots collect information about their surroundings.
Different sensors can detect light, sound, touch, movement, temperature and distance. A controller processes the information received from sensors and controls output devices or actuators.
A simple robotic system follows the sequence: Input → Process → Output or Sense → Process → Decide → Act.